• Perbezaan Perlembagaan Malayan Union Dan Perlembagaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu
• Faktor Penubuhan Malayan Union

• Perlembagaan Malaysia (Tulisan Jawi: ڤرلمباڬأن مليسيا), dikenali juga sebagai Perlembagaan Persekutuan 1948 mengandungi 183 perkara, adalah undang-undang tertinggi di Malaysia. Ia merupakan satu dokumen undang-undang bertulis yang telah dibentuk berasaskan dua dokumen terdahulu iaitu Perjanjian Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948 dan.
• Negeri-negeri Melayu iaitu Perak, Selangor, Pahang dan Negeri Sembilan membentuk. Dewan Undangan Negeri masing-masing untuk membuat undang-undang. Malayan Union menghasilkan Perjanjian Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948. Negeri dimulakan dengan serta merta. Satu Perlembagaan bagi.

PERLEMBAGAAN PERSEKUTUAN 1956 DAN PERLEMBAGAAN ANGELINE STEPHEN MALAYSIA FREDERIC SINGAN 1963 SEJARAH KE ARAH PENGGUBALAN PERLEMBAGAAN PERSEKUTUAN 1957 Selepas pembentukan Perlembagaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948, pemimpin-pemimpin UMNO membangungkan kesedaran nasionalisme dalam kalangan rakyat. Dato Onn Jaafar meninggalkan parti UMNO dan.

The Federation of Malaya (Malay: Persekutuan Tanah Melayu; Jawi: ڤرسكوتوان تانه ملايو) was a federation of what previously had been British Malaya comprising eleven states (nine Malay states and two of the British Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca)^[2] that existed from 1 February 1948 until 16 September 1963. The Federation became independent on 31 August 1957,^[3] and in 1963 Malaysia was formed when the federation united with the Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak Crown Colonies.^[4]

The federation of states that made up the Federation of Malaya is now known as Peninsular Malaysia.

• 3System of government
• 5Registration of PKMM rejected

History[edit]

From 1946 to 1948, the eleven states formed a single British crown colony known as the Malayan Union.^[5] Due to opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states.

Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang and Malacca remained British colonial territories. Like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, despite its traditional connections with Malaya.

The Federation achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957.^[2] In 1963, the Federation was reconstituted as 'Malaysia' when it federated with the British territories of Singapore, Sarawak, and North Borneo; a claim to the latter territory was maintained by the Philippines.^[6][7] Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent republic on 9 August 1965.^[8]

The Federation of Malaya Agreement was formulated by the British–Malay Pleno Conference between June and December 1946. At the end of the meeting, the Pleno Conference produced a 100-page 'Blue Book.'^[9]

The Federation of Malaya Agreement was signed on 21 January 1948 at King House by the Malay rulers, and by Sir Edward Gent as the representative of the British government.^[10] The Agreement superseded the Agreement creating the Malayan Union, and prepared for the establishment of the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948. The position of the Malay rulers was also restored.

List of member states[edit]

• Johor
• Kedah
• Kelantan
• Malacca^[11]
• Negeri Sembilan
• Pahang
• Penang^[11]
• Perak
• Perlis
• Selangor
• Terengganu

System of government[edit]

The government of the Federation of Malaya was headed by a British High Commissioner with executive powers, assisted and advised by the Federation of Malaya Executive Council and the Federation of Malaya Legislative Council.

• The Federation of Malaya Executive Council comprised 7 official and 7 unofficial members.
• The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council comprised the High Commissioner as the Council President, 14 official and 50 unofficial members representing the Straits Settlements, business groups and all races. Additionally, 9 State Council Yang Di Pertua (heads of state), Chief Ministers and 2 representatives from the Straits Settlements became unofficial members.
• The Malay Conference of Rulers would advise the High Commissioner on immigration issues. The British Resident was replaced with a Chief Minister in each state of the federation.

Conditions of citizenship[edit]

The conditions of citizenship of the Federation of Malaya were further tightened using law enforcement and naturalisation by application. Under the laws, the following were automatically granted citizenship:

1. Citizens of the Sultan of any state
2. British subjects born in Penang or Malacca who have lived continuously for 15 years in the federation
3. British subjects born in the federation whose fathers were born or lived continuously for 15 years in the federation
4. Anyone born in the federation, conversant in the Malay language and following Malay traditions in his or her daily life
5. Anyone born in the federation whose parents were born and lived continuously for 15 years in the federation

Via naturalisation (by application), one could achieve citizenship, given these criteria:

1. Born and lived for at least 8 of 12 years in the Federation of Malaya before the application was made
2. Lived in the Federation of Malaya for at least 15 of 20 years before the application was made

In both cases (via naturalisation), applications must be well-behaved, swear allegiance and clarify their reasons for living in the federation, and are fluent in either the Malay or the English language.

The Federation of Malaya, through its constitution, guarantees the rights and special position of the Malay people as well as rights, powers and sovereignty of the Malay rulers in their respective states.^[12]

Separation of powers of the federal and state governments[edit]

The federation agreement (Perjanjian Persekutuan) set the powers of the federal and state governments. Financial matters must be handled by the respective states. The Sultan was given full power on religious issues and Malay customs. Foreign policy and defence continued to be administered by the British government. The federation agreement was made the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and officially declared on 1 February 1948.^[13]

Federation of Malaya Legislative Council[edit]

The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council held its first meeting in the Tuanku Abdul Rahman Hall, Kuala Lumpur in 1948. It was opened by the British High Commissioner Sir Edward Gent. Attendees included the British Minister of State for Colonial Affairs, Lord Listowel. The membership of the Council was structured to include:

• the British High Commissioner (as President);
• 3 ex officio members (namely the Chief Secretary, the Financial Secretary, and the Attorney General);
• 11 'State and Settlement Members' (the President of the Council of State of each Malay state, and a member elected by each of the Settlement Councils)
• 11 official members; and
• 34 appointed 'unofficial' members.

The unofficial members were required to be either Federation citizens or British subjects.

In 1948 the ethnic composition of the Council was made up as follows:

• 28 Malay representatives, including all the Chief Ministers,
• 14 Chinese representatives,
• 6 Indian representatives, and
• 14 Europeans (the ex officio and official members).

Dato' Onn Jaafar stressed at the first meeting that the citizens of the Federation of Malaya did not want the interference of external powers in the affairs of the Federation; the Chinese representative Dr Ong Chong Keng asserted that the Chinese people would be loyal to the Federation of Malaya. At this first Council meeting, several minor committees were formed:

• the Standing Committee on Finance;
• the Election Committee; and
• the Committee of Privileges.

The first session passed the Kuala Lumpur City Bill, the Transfer of Power Bill, and the Loan and Debt Bill.^[14]Ntpq p .init. 16 u 128 0 0.000 0.000 0.000.

Registration of PKMM rejected[edit]

In 1950, the Federation of Malaya Government rejected the registration of the Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya (Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya, PKMM) as a legitimate political party. PKMM had two wings, namely Angkatan Pemuda Insaf and Angkatan Wanita Sedar. Initially, PKMM did not have communist leanings. After Mokhtaruddin Lasso was elected as the first PKMM president in October 1946, this party was influenced with communism. The Young Malays Union (Kesatuan Melayu Muda, KMM) merged with PKMM, and Dr Burhanuddin al-Helmy became the second PKMM president. Dr Burhanuddin led PKMM toward the formation of Melayu Raya, a merger of Indonesia and Malaya. In December 1947, Ishak Haji Mohamed became the third PKMM president and PKMM switched from communism to nationalism. PKMM tended against UMNO and colonisation. PKKM established the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (PUTERA), a conglomeration of radical Malay Political Parties and then merged with the All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) which thoroughly opposed the 1948 Federation Agreement for the foundation of the Federation of Malaya. PKMM accused officials selected in the Federation of Malaya of being 'puppets' of the 'Colonial Office'. For PKMM, there was no basis in 'preparing Malaya as a democratic government'.^[15]

Judiciary[edit]

The judicial system was a typical hierarchical structure consisting of lower courts, a High Court and a Court of Appeal. Successive Chief Justices were Sir Stafford Foster-Sutton (1952–1953) (afterwards Chief Justice of Nigeria, 1955), Sir Charles Mathew (1953–1956) and Sir James Beveridge Thomson (1957–1963).

Demographics[edit]

Evolution of the Federation of Malaya[edit]

See also[edit]

Perbezaan Perlembagaan Malayan Union Dan Perlembagaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu

References[edit]

Faktor Penubuhan Malayan Union

1. ^'Federation of Malaya is inaugurated - Singapore History'. eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
2. ^ ^abSee: Cabinet Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. 21 February 1956 Federation of Malaya Agreement
3. ^The UK Statute Law Database: Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)^{[permanent dead link]}
4. ^'No.10760: Agreement relating to Malaysia'(PDF). United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations. July 1963. Archived from the original(pdf) on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
5. ^Burgess, Michael; Pinder, John (2007). Multinational Federations. Routledge. ISBN9781134120864. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
6. ^'United Nations Treaty No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippines, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963)'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
7. ^'Exchange of notes constituting an agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord of 31 July 1963'(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
8. ^See: the Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 and the Proclamation of Singapore.
9. ^Perlembagaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu Diumumkan^{[permanent dead link]}
10. ^Hale, Christopher (2013). Massacre in Malaya: Exposing Britain's My Lai. History Press. ISBN9780750951814. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
11. ^ ^abSee: The UK Statute Law Database: Formation of the Malay States and of the Settlements of Penang and MalaccaArchived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine into a new independent Federation of States under Federation of Malaya Constitution
12. ^Persekutuan Tanah Melayu Ditubuhkan^{[permanent dead link]}
13. ^[Perlembagaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu Diumumkan]
14. ^The First Conference of the Federation of Malaya Legislative Council^{[permanent dead link]}
15. ^Rejection of the registration of the Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya^{[permanent dead link]}
16. ^Annual Report on the Federation of Malaya: 1951 in C.C. Chin and Karl Hack, Dialogues with Chin Peng pp. 380, 81.

External links[edit]

• Colonial administration records (migrated archives): Malaya at The National Archives (Pg. 52)
• The UK Statute Law Database: Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)^{[permanent dead link]}
• United Nations Treaty Collection: No.10760: Agreement relating to Malaysia
• Media related to Federation of Malaya at Wikimedia Commons